Algeria

France occupied Algeria in 1830 and began to take control of its territory. On September 8, 1830, all the Emiri lands and the lands of the Algerian Turks were declared property of the French state.

On March 1, 1833 a law was passed that allowed the expropriation of land for which there was no document to own, it also published decrees that helped the French control the endowment property and the land was controlled on a comprehensive scale such as the Decree of December 24, 1870, which allowed European settlers to extend their influence to areas inhabited by Algerians And the abolition of Arab offices in the areas under civil rule.
The fall of the capital and the beginning of the occupation
See also: Fan accident and landing of Sidi Faraj (1830)

On February 7, 1830, King Charles X issued a decision preparing the French army to invade Algeria. On May 25, the French campaign against Algeria, led by General de Bermont, was launched from the port of Toulon. On June 14, 1830, the French forces landed on the Sidi Faraj peninsula, west of the capital, after preparing an army of 40,000 infantry and cavalry soldiers equipped with the latest tools of warfare, and a fleet consisting of From 700 ships. The French chose this site because they were keen to surprise the city of Algeria by attacking it by land, due to the difficulty of its occupation from the sea. They had withstood for centuries before the invading fleets and forced Die Hussein to surrender on July 5, 1830.

France encouraged the Europeans to settle and seize the lands of Muslim Algerians and edited laws and decisions that help them achieve this. Among these decisions and laws was the September 1830 decision that confiscates the lands of Muslims of Turkish descent, as well as the unjust decision of October 1845 that strips all who participated in the resistance or raised Weapon or took a hostile stance on the French and their aides or helped their enemies from near or far from his land. They carried out intensive agricultural and economic activity. The French also tried to dye Algeria with the French language and French culture and made the French language the official language and the language of education instead of the Arabic language.

The French transformed Algeria into a complementary province of the French provinces. More than a million settlers (French, Italian, Spanish ...) were displaced from the northern bank of the Mediterranean to cultivate the Algerian coastal plain and occupied the important parts of the cities of Algeria.

France also considered all citizens of European descent (and Jews as well) as full-fledged French citizens with the right to representation in Parliament, while the Arab population and the local Berbers (known as the people) were subjected to a system of racial discrimination.
Popular resistance

Detailed article: Algeria's revolts against France in the 19th century

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Prince Abdul Qadir
The martyr resistance Fatima Nesumer

Once the French armies set foot in the land of Algeria in 1830, the Algerian people, who refused foreign control, rose to defend their land, standing up to a jihad called for by the central government, and the class of scholars and notables.

Initially, the Algerian resistance focused on trying to stop the occupation operations and ensure the country's survival. However, most of these attempts were unsuccessful due to the imbalance of forces, and the revolutions dispersed geographically in front of the organized French armies, which have been increasing and doubling supplies.

The steadfastness of the Algerians continued throughout the invasion period, represented by popular resistance that continued throughout the nineteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth century. Among the most important armed revolts during this period:

The resistance of Prince Abdel-Qader Al-Jazaery, which extended from 1832 to 1847 and included the Algerian North.
The resistance of Ahmed Bey from 1837 to 1848 included the Constantine region.
The revolution of Muhammad ibn Abdullah, nicknamed Bouamaza, from 1845 to 1847 in Chlef, Hodna, and Tatari.
The resistance of Al-Zatasha from 1848 to 1849 with Al-Zatasha (Biskra) and the Aures. Among its most important leaders is Bouziane (Bou Ammar).
The resistance against Laghouat was established from 1852 to 1854 under the leadership of Sharif Muhammad bin Abdullah bin Suleiman.
The tribal revolt from 1851 to 1857 led by the machine of Fatima Nsumer and Al-Sharif Boubghala, which was launched from the Al-Adawra region
Sidi Sheikh’s Children’s Revolution from 1864 to 1880 in the Wahat al-Bayd, the Jabal Amur region, the Titari region, the wall of the deer, al-'Adawara, and Tiaret, led by Suleiman bin Hamza, Ahmed bin Hamza, Si to Ali.
The resistance of Sheikh al-Muqrani from 1871 to 1872 in the Bouarijréj tower, Majaneh, Setif, Tizi-Ouzou, Libra of Libra, Batna, Sour El-Ghozlane, El-Adoura, El-Hodna.
Revolution of 1871 in Jijel and the north of Constantinople
Resistance of Sheikh Bouamama 1881-1883, included Ain Safra, Tiaret, Saida, Ain Saleh.
Touareg resistance from 1916 to 1919 in Tagit, Hoggar, Gantt, Gutter, and Ouargla, led by Sheikh Amud.

Parents' law

The People’s Law was issued in 1871 [1], meaning forty-one years after the occupation of all Algerian soil, which means that the French waited before they issued this law. Perhaps this is a careful study of the reality of the country and the reactions, and this law is a set of arbitrary measures practiced on the local people based Mainly on injustice, injustice, oppression, and deprivation. Perhaps the most important of them is "the elimination of traditional institutions such as the group system that administers the affairs of citizens according to custom, traditions and Islamic laws" [2] For a European woman who found a coincidence with the French presence of Maltese, Spaniards, Italians and Corsic (relative to Corsica) [3] as colonialism imposed a prejudicial tax on the people even “in the person of a woman, a cat, a canon, and a twist (destiny)” [4] This law is based on the principle of dividing the remaining lands Into three sections:

- A third of which is taken over by the administration - a third of which the clients benefit from such as leadership, pimps, and Misbahiya circles - the third one of the lands that are not valid and most of them are located near or within the mountains, a wall of the people. [5] Parents' law is Law - K









What this denotes is the designation - it relates to the Algerians in the service of the Europeans in Algeria who brought in to exploit the goods of this country and try to obscure the identity of this Muslim Arab community, and this law that was issued in 1871 AD was not arbitrary, but behind it was a clear-cut goal, which is to limit as much as possible the freedom of the Algerian Watching him and handcuffing his movement to make way for the "white man" [6] to further exploit the wealth of this country, neither the human nor the animal is free in his movements. Rather, the inanimate objects would almost be restricted if it was not natural. France enacted an agricultural law that aims to develop colonial industrial crops and sought to indoctrinate farmers. a Algerian ways and means of colonial farming but provided that the payoff for the benefit of the colonial says Dr. Saleh Ferkous [7]. In other words, using a land other than his own with hands other than his own. The Algerian farmer was - therefore - facing various means of abuse and persecution.

This is how the law of the people was enacted to humiliate a society at a time when famine and misery dominated, and it happened that the locusts spread significantly and horrific in Algeria during that period, which made the situation more complicated and deadly epidemics spread in contrast, colonialism seeks to strengthen the presence of European settlers and perhaps what Amar Bouhoush expressed in the settlers program Evidence of this, especially the second point of it, in which he talked about the plan adopted by the settlers to seize Algeria with the blessing of the French state, of course, this point emphasizes repression and confiscation of the lands of the Algerians, especially after the massive revolutions in the years 1870 and 1871 AD, which is what I first approached. Ias Third Republic, who said: "Can Arabs - Algerians intended - to do but will be revolutions or ingestion contain them" [8].

In the year 1871 AD, the settlers seized 500,000 hectares after the state confiscated them as public property, in the words of the governor-general De Geydon, by imposing financial fines on 298 municipalities whose residents revolted against France at 36,282,298 francs. The authorities also confiscated the lands of 313 municipalities whose area amounted to 2,639,600 Hectare.

This situation was not really the result of the French period, but rather finds its roots in the Roman colonial era
Political resistance
Masali Hajj

At the beginning of the twentieth century, colonial control in Algeria reached its climax despite the popular resistance that included all parts of the country, and the sound of battles seemed to ease in the countryside to open the way to a new style of resistance that started from the cities.

This is due to the emergence of a generation of educated young people who graduated from the mosques of Zaitouna, Al-Azhar and the villagers, and the centers of Hijaz, and worked to spread ideas of social and religious reform, as well as batches of Algerian students who continued their education in the French language, and borrowed from Western culture new ways of thinking.

And it held this elite of intellectuals responsible for leading the political struggle. Her style was characterized by two main characteristics, originality and modernity, which led to the emergence of two trends in its ranks, one of which is conservative and the second is renewed. The conservatives called for preserving the laws of Algerian society and Islamic law, and the reformists demanded the people's right to municipal and parliamentary elections to improve their conditions. Each of the two approaches adopted new methods of resistance represented in associations, clubs and newspapers.

On the other hand, the national movement has been active at the political level, opening the way for the formation of political organizations represented in the emergence of popular national currents and the establishment of political parties, the most important of which, the Prince Khaled movement, the North African Star Party (1926)

The Algerian People's Party (1937) and the Association of Muslim Scholars (1931) have known two important stages:

Pre-World War II era: was marked by France's demand for a waiver of rights
Post-World War II era: opinions tended to unite efforts to demand independence.

In the 1930s, the Algerian Islamic Scout Movement emerged, which served as a school from which many leaders of the liberation revolution graduated.
The Administrative Council of the Association of Algerian Muslim Scholars - the end of the forties.
The massacres of May 8, 1945

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The day after World War II ended with the fall of the Nazi and fascist regimes, the masses across all countries of the world celebrated the victory of the Allies. The Algerian people were among the people who were recruited during the battles that took place in Europe, and many lives paid a price for freedom, but the latter (freedom) was confined to Western countries, led by France, which broke its covenant with the Algerians by granting them independence in exchange for their contribution to liberation from the occupation. Nazi.

The Algerians went out in peaceful demonstrations to demand France keep the promise. The latter's response was with guns and brutal persecution against an unarmed people. It was a terrible massacre that included the cities of Setif, Guelma and Turna, during which more than 45,000 martyrs fell.

So the Algerian people realized that they have no freedom and independence only through struggle and armed struggle.
Editorial Revolution
The six leaders of the National Liberation Front in 1954

On March 23, 1954, the Revolutionary Committee for the Unity of Work was established, on the initiative of the ancient secret organization and some members of the Central Committee of the Movement for the Victory of Democratic Freedoms, and it came in response to the sterile debate that was going on around the start of the armed struggle and waiting for more favorable conditions. Its founders immediately began work. They appointed a committee of 22 members who attended the armed struggle, and a leadership committee of 6 members emerged from them, which set the date of the first of November 1954, the date of the launch of the liberation revolution, and issued a statement clarifying its causes, objectives, and methods.

On the night of Al-Fatih in November 1954, nearly 3,000 Mujahideen launched thirty attacks in Taimareya. The operations were spread over most of the national territory so that it could not be suppressed, as was the case in the nineteenth century revolutions, due to its concentration in limited areas. On the eve of the outbreak of the revolution, he announced the birth of "an army and a front."




National Silk "A statement was issued explaining the nature of these events and setting the goal of the revolution, which is to restore independence and rebuild the Algerian state.

The attack of August 20, 1955: The attack of August 20, 1955 is considered a new breath of the revolution, because it highlighted its popular character and denied the allegations of French colonialism, and pushed the parties to get out of their reservation and join the Liberation Front. As the overwhelming revolution prevailed in all parts of the North Constantine, and the people responded automatically, by launching valiant offensive operations that lasted for three full days, costing huge sacrifices in lives, but they demonstrated to colonialism and world opinion that the Liberation Army was able to initiate, and gave evidence of the extent of the people's cohesion with the revolutionaries.
The Souamam conference August 20, 1956: The National Liberation Front, at the beginning of its activity, achieved tremendous achievements, which encouraged it to continue the organizational work. So I decided to hold an evaluation conference for two years of struggle, on August 20, 1956, in the most prolific Amaqran in the Valley of Somalia. The conference established the principle of collective leadership, with priority for military leadership and struggle within the national territory. It also decided to enable the front to impose itself as a legitimate representative of the Algerian people in front of the countries of the world and its organization, through two important institutions: the National Council of the Algerian Revolution, which is the supreme body that serves as parliament, the Committee for Coordination of Political and Military Affairs, the structure of the National Liberation Army, and the administrative division of Algeria into six states.
The events of the village of Sidi Youssef 08 February 1958: During the first three years of its outbreak, the Algerian revolution witnessed a significant escalation to the intensification of military attempts by colonialism to quell resistance by various means of destruction. These attempts were represented in the brutal suppression of the masses across the countryside and cities. Among the brutal operations carried out by the French army to isolate the Mujahideen and obstruct the delivery of weapons and supplies into the homeland, the Tunisian village of Sidi Youssef, on the Algerian border, was bombed on 08 February 1958, as colonial forces launched violent attacks with their warplanes, killing dozens of innocent civilians. Tunisians and Algerians. However, this incident did not undermine the Algerian people's determination to continue their struggle, nor did it ever affect the bonds of brotherhood and the common destiny that still linked the two countries and two brotherly peoples.
The Algerian Interim Government September 19, 1958: As a continuation of the organizational efforts of the political bodies leading the revolution, on September 19, 1958, the Coordination and Implementation Committee announced the establishment of the interim government of the Algerian Republic, as a revival of the state and its restoration of sovereignty, and it may be evident that the Algerian people have become a legitimate and sole representative .
Demonstrations of December 11, 1960: The Algerian people stepped up their positions to become public in response to the calls of the National Liberation Front since the first of November 1954, and it staged demonstrations and riots to express their opinion and affirm their unity and political maturity, and this was evident during the December 11, 1960 demonstrations that included all national territory. These national demonstrations began on December 10 in the popular Belkour district of Algiers, where the demonstrators wore national flags and chanted the independence of Algeria and slogans in support of the National Liberation Front. Vhasrthm colonial forces attempt to isolate the neighborhood from European revival. The next day, the paratroopers intervened, shooting at the masses, resulting in loss of life. However, this did not prevent the demonstrations from spreading to the rest of the capital and then to most of the Algerian cities. Where the Algerians demonstrated, during which they stood together, behind the National Liberation Front.
The events of October 17, 1961: The collective memory is preserved on October 17, 1961, when hundreds of Algerians left the country in peaceful demonstrations in response to the federal appeal of the National Liberation Front Party in France, and they were severely repressed by the French authorities. Many of them were killed, and this date marks the National Day of Immigration. In perpetuation of these events embedded in the pages of Algerian history.
Negotiations and a cease-fire: France showed full agreement to the principle of negotiation and then started to back off due to the increasing violence of the revolution and the people ’s cohesion with the front, as a result of the demonstrations organized in the Algerian cities and in the Diaspora.



The last negotiations took place formally between 7 and 18 March 1962 in the French city of Evian and the referendum on independence and finally culminated in the signing of the Evian agreement and entered into effect in the shooting on 19 * March 1962 at 12 noon.

Independence: The revolution continued, defying all kinds of oppression in the countryside and cities in order to hit its pillars. The armed struggle continues alongside organized work to collect financial donations, ship administrative, and distribute leaflets, among others.

The Algerian people remained steadfast throughout the war years, resisting all kinds of oppression, such as arbitrary arrests, deportations, and others, thus proving their belief in the inevitability of victory.

In al-Fatih from July 1962, the determination of the Algerian people to gain independence was demonstrated by the results of the referendum, which was 97.5 percent. Yes, Algeria’s independence was announced on July 3, 1962, and it was chosen on July 5 as Independence Day.

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